10
Attorney Docket No.: WPTK01USG1
WASTE STREAM DIGESTION METHOD
Cross Reference to Related Applications
This application is a divisional of United States Patent Application serial number
10/265,518, entitled "Waste Stream Digestion System," filed October 3, 2002 by
Jimmie A. Keeton, Jr., which was based upon and claims the benefit of United States
Provisional Application serial number 60/327,101 entitled "Waste Stream Digestion
System," filed October 3, 2001 by Jimmie A. Keeton, the entire contents of which is
hereby incorporated by reference for all it discloses and teaches.
Background of Invention
a. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains generally to aerated digestion systems and
specifically to aerated effluent processing systems with microbes.
15 b. Description of the Background
Anaerobic animal waste treatment systems are generally characterized by systems
with liners or covered lagoons designed to mitigate smell and odor problems. Other
systems include large biogas digesters. Anaerobic processes are very slow and rely on
microbial decomposition reactions and processes that break down waste with no oxygen
20 present. In addition, the anaerobic processes generate strong, unpleasant odors. Due to
the slow process of digestion, there may be a rapid buildup of solids in the digestion
ponds that must be removed and disposed of later. Further, anaerobic digestion does not
remove salt content from runoff water.
Anaerobic systems are expensive to construct and may require a large capital
25 investment to treat the effluent from a typical dairy or other farm operation. Often,
covers are fitted to an anaerobic lagoon to capture and dispose of odorous gases such as
H 2 S and ammonia. Such covers are expensive and prone to maintenance.
It would therefore be valuable to provide a system that processes waste quickly
and efficiently, with a minimum of odor and as completely as possible. Further, it would
30 be valuable to be able to process solid waste quickly enough that solid waste does not
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build up. Further, it would be valuable to provide a system that minimizes both the
capital and recurring costs.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention overcomes the disadvantages and limitations of the prior art
5 by providing an aeration system coupled with a specific regimen of microbes that
efficiently and effectively break down solid and liquid waste. The aeration system may
function by aerating the waste from the bottom using a laminar column of fine bubbles to
most efficiently circulate the waste and to maximize the oxygen transfer. The aeration
system may further comprise an ozone generator and/or an oxygen generator to increase
10 the oxygen transfer to the liquid.
Additionally, circulators in a lagoon may further enhance the movement of the
effluent in a horizontal fashion. Such circulation prevents solids from collecting in
various areas of a lagoon and maximizes the decomposition of solid matter.
Specialized microbes are added to the water that efficiently and effectively
1 5 decompose the waste matter. The microbes are a blend of aerobic and facultative
anaerobic microbes. Additionally, a blend of enzymes is added that increase the
digestion rates of the waste matter.
The present invention may therefore comprise a method for the digestion of
biological wastes comprising: introducing the waste into a lagoon; adding a blend of
20 microbes to the lagoon comprising at least one of the following: Bacillus,
Saccharomyces, and Thiobacillus; aerating the lagoon with a plurality of aerators located
on the bottom of the lagoon, the aerator being adapted to produce a laminar column of
bubbles; the aerators being supplied by a compressed air supply that has been enriched
with ozone.
25 The present invention may further comprise a method for digesting biological
wastes comprising: introducing the wastes into a first water filled lagoon; adding a blend
of microbes to the first water filled lagoon, the blend comprising at least one of the
following: Bacillus, Saccharomyces, and Thiobacillus; aerating the first water filled
lagoon with a plurality of aerators dispersed on the bottom of the first water filled lagoon,
30 the aerators adapted to produce a laminar column of bubbles, the aerators being supplied
by a first compressed air supply; circulating the first water filled lagoon with at least one
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circulator adapted to cause the first water filled lagoon to circulate; sending a portion of
the water filled lagoon to a second water filled lagoon; aerating the second water filled
lagoon with a plurality of aerators dispersed on the bottom of the second water filled
lagoon, the aerators being supplied by a second compressed air supply; and circulating
5 the second water filled lagoon with at least one circulator adapted to cause the first water
filled lagoon to circulate.
The advantages of the present invention are that a substantially less amount of
energy is required to decompose solid biological wastes than with existing systems, due
to the laminar flow diffiisers, the large degree of circulation, and the selection of specific
10 microbes. Further, the present invention has the ability to completely decompose solid
wastes to the point that solid waste build up in the lagoons is virtually eliminated. Any
solids left in the effluent after processing are held in suspension and deliver nutrients
when used as fertilizer.
Brief Description of the Drawings
15 In the drawings,
FIGURE 1 is an illustration of an embodiment of the present invention
comprising a two-lagoon digestion system.
FIGURE 2 is an illustration a cross-section of a typical lagoon of the embodiment
of the present invention of FIGURE 1.
20 FIGURE 3 is an illustration of a top view of an embodiment of the present
invention wherein four circular lagoons are used in series to treat effluent.
FIGURE 4 is an illustration of a top view of lagoon of the embodiment of the
present invention of FIGURE 3 showing the aeration system.
FIGURE 5 is an illustration of a section view of a lagoon of the embodiment of
25 the present invention of FIGURE 3.
FIGURE 6 is an illustration of an embodiment of the present invention
comprising three lagoons.
FIGURE 7 is an illustration of an embodiment of the present invention
comprising two long, narrow lagoons.
30 FIGURE 8 illustrates the cation decrease with an embodiment of the inventive
waste processing system.
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FIGURE 9 illustrates the decrease in electrical conductivity of the water with
three experimental embodiments of the present invention.
FIGURE 10 illustrates the tons of salt removed per acre-foot with three
experimental embodiments of the present invention.
5 FIGURE 1 1 illustrates the TKN and ammonia nitrogen decrease of three
experimental embodiments of the present invention.
FIGURE 12 illustrates the percent decrease in TKN and ammonium nitrogen of
three experimental embodiments of the present invention.
FIGURE 13 illustrates the percent nitrogen in the product water for three
1 0 experimental embodiments of the present invention.
FIGURE 14 illustrates the decrease in biological oxygen demand for three
experimental embodiments of the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Invention
15 Figure 1 is an illustration of an embodiment 100 of the present invention
comprising a two lagoon digestion system. Effluent is introduced by arrow 102 into
primary lagoon 104. Primary lagoon 104 is outfitted with several air diffusers 106 that
are fed by manifold 108 that is supplied by air supply 110. Primary lagoon 104 is further
outfitted with surface circulators 112. Secondary lagoon 1 14 is fed by the overflow of
20 primary lagoon 104, and has a set of air diffusers 1 16 connected to manifold 108.
Secondary lagoon 1 14 is further outfitted with surface circulators 1 18. A blow off valve
120 is part of manifold 108.
The principle of operation of embodiment 100 is to introduce raw or filtered
effluent, such as from a dairy, into a lagoon for digestion. The lagoon is inoculated with
25 microbes and has a source of oxygen. Several bottom mounted fine bubble diffusers
introduce oxygen into the lagoon. The diffusers serve an additional purpose of forced
vertical circulation. Surface circulators force floating solids back into the lagoon for
further digestion as well as circulate the lagoon in the horizontal plane. The diffusers are
adapted to produce laminar columns of fine bubbles, which entrain large amounts of
30 liquid and prevent build up of solid wastes in the lagoon. Further, the laminar columns of
bubbles are the most efficient method of transferring oxygen into the liquid.
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Embodiment 100, through the high circulation and constant movement of the liquid, may
fully digest solid waste introduced into the system.
In embodiment 100, the effluent is digested in two stages. The primary lagoon
104 performs much of the active digestion and decomposes much of the solid mass. The
5 secondary lagoon 1 14 completes the digestion. The primary lagoon 104, due to the
intensity of the digestion process at the early stages, may require much more aeration
than secondary lagoon 114. By having multiple lagoons, the aeration requirements are
less at each successive stage, thus requiring less energy for oxygenation. In general, the
retention time of the primary lagoon 104 is in excess of 15 days.
10 In general, the lagoons are between 15 and 20 feet deep. For lagoons less than 15
feet deep, the oxygen transfer of the aerators begins to be substantially less efficient. For
lagoons deeper than 20 feet, a regenerative type blower may not provide enough
efficiency and a more expensive piston pump or other air pump may be needed.
The air system typically provides a minimum of 2.5 pounds of oxygen per pound
1 5 of biological oxygen demand. The diffusers typically circulate up to 2,500 gallons per
minute of water to the surface of the lagoons through the entrainment of water in the
rising laminar bubble column. The airlift principle of the entrained water is the most
efficient method of oxygen transfer as well as the main mechanism whereby solids are
kept in suspension and anaerobic conditions are prohibited from forming. A typical
20 system may have ozone enrichment at the rate of 12 grams to 20 grams per hour, with an
airflow per diffuser of 1 .5 to 2.5 cubic feet per minute
Effluent may be introduced into the primary lagoon 104 in either the raw or
filtered state. The raw state may include all solid waste plus hay, straw, and other
material commonly used in cow stalls or other agriculture environment. The effluent
25 generally contains urine plus water used in cleaning the stalls. The effluent may also
contain additional material, such as twine, rope, and other material that may or may not
be biodegradable.
The primary lagoon 104 and secondary lagoon 1 14 may be of any shape,
including rectangular, square, circular, or other shape. The layout and placement of
30 aerators 106 and circulators 1 12 are selected to minimize dead spots or areas where solid
waste may not circulate well. The layout and arrangement of the primary lagoon 104 and
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the secondary lagoon 1 14 may be such that the secondary lagoon 1 14 may be located at a
lower elevation than the primary lagoon 104, such that the output from the primary
lagoon 104 may travel downhill to the secondary lagoon 114. In some embodiments, a
pump may be used to transfer effluent from one lagoon to a second lagoon.
5 The diffusers 106 and 1 16 are connected to manifold 108. Manifold 108 in the
present embodiment delivers air to all the diffusers in the system as supplied by air
supply 110. In alternative embodiments, a plurality of air supplies 110 may feed several
manifolds, such as a separate manifold for each lagoon, or one air supply and manifold
for one side of a lagoon and a second air supply and manifold for the opposite side of the
10 lagoon.
The surface circulators 112 and 118 serve to slowly circulate the lagoon in the
horizontal direction and may act to reintroduce floating solid waste back into the liquid
for further digestion. The circulators may be aerating surface circulators, paddlewheels,
submerged propellers or any other device adapted to move water in a horizontal fashion.
15 In some cases, such as the aerating surface circulators or paddlewheels, the circulators
may help reintroduce floating debris and solid waste back into the lagoon for further
digestion. When solid waste is floating on the surface of the lagoon, very little digestion
is being accomplished since much of the surface area is not in contact with the liquid
borne microbes. Further, the waste may undergo mechanical disintegration from the
20 tumbling circulation of the aerated lagoon.
The air supply 1 10 may comprise a regenerative blower. In some embodiments,
the air supply may be a multistage regenerative blower, a piston compressor, or other
types of air compressors and/or blowers. Further, some embodiments may include an
oxygen generator and/or an ozone generator as part of the air supply 1 10 modules.
25 Oxygen and ozone generators may be used to increase the oxygen transferred to the
liquid and thereby increasing the microbe activity. The air supply may be powered by
electrical line from a power grid, a diesel engine, solar power, or other power sources.
The air supply 1 10 may include a cooling system for cooling the air as it enters the
manifold 108. Further, a cooling system may be employed to cool the compressors or
30 blowers. A cooling system may use effluent from a lagoon as part of the heat transfer
media. In some embodiments wherein several air supplies 1 10 are employed, an air
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supply for a first lagoon may include oxygen generators and/or ozone generators, and a
second air supply for a second lagoon may not include the oxygen and/or ozone
generators. Such embodiments may use an oxygen generator for a primary lagoon and no
oxygen generator for a secondary lagoon.
5 The treated water that exits the secondary lagoon 1 14 may be used to irrigate
fields. Due to the nature of the system, small particles may be in suspension in the
outflow water. The salt content of the treated effluent may have 3.8 tons of salt removed
per acre foot of water. The Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) reduction may be on the
order of 95%, where approximately 30% of all nitrogen in the processed water is in the
10 form of protein and amino acids that can be utilized by soil organisms and plant material
when used for irrigation. Because the biological oxygen demand of the treated water is
reduced so much, soils irrigated with the treated effluent may remain aerobic while still
providing a more usable form of organic matter that includes both complex and simple
sugars. Virtually all nitrates are removed from the treated water by the process. Weed
15 seeds, which can cause problems for farming operations, are digested by the process and
are not found in the treated water.
Figure 2 is an illustration an embodiment 200 of a cross-section of a typical
lagoon 202. A manifold 204 is connected to a pipe 206 that is in communication with a
diffuser 208. The bottom-mounted diffuser 208 is adapted to produce a laminar column
20 of fine bubbles 210.
The lagoon 202 may be approximately 10 to 20 feet deep and may have a clay
bottom or other construction to prevent leakage. In some cases, the lagoon 202 may have
a plastic or rubber liner to prevent leaking. The lagoon may be 50-300 feet wide,
depending on the application. Other sizes of lagoons may be used without deviating from
25 the spirit of the present invention.
The manifold 204 may be mounted above ground as in Figure 2, or may be
mounted below ground. The manifold may be constructed of PVC piping, steel piping,
or any other type of pipe as desired. In some cases, the compressed air is very hot and
causes problems with the manifold piping.
30 The pipe 206 is preferably a self weighted tubing, with a density substantially
higher than water, such that the tubing may lay on the bottom surface of the lagoon. In
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some embodiments, the pipe 206 may be a rigid or semi-rigid tubing and may need to be
weighted down with bricks or other objects to prevent the pipe 206 from moving when
inflated. Pipe 206 may include a flow control or meter so that the individual diffusers
may be adjusted to deliver a laminar column of bubbles.
5 The diffuser 208 may be mounted on the bottom of the lagoon 202, which has
several advantages. For example, the further the bubbles have to travel, the more time
the oxygen has to transfer from the bubble to the effluent. Further, the rising column of
bubbles is a very efficient method of inducing circulation, and the bottom mounting
ensures that the dead space where water does not circulate is minimized.
10 The diffuser 208 may be a large (6 to 12 inch) expanding membrane fine bubble
diffuser. The size of the diffuser 208 may be determined by the application. For
example, for a shallower lagoon, a smaller diffuser may be used. A smaller diffuser may
be used in larger lagoons where the diffusers are placed closer together. In some cases, a
smaller diffuser may be used in the middle of the lagoon and a large diffuser may be used
15 in the corner of a lagoon. In some embodiments, an adjustable flow control may be used
to individually control the amount of air flowing to a particular diffuser. A flow control
may be adjusted to decrease flow on a diffuser that is generating turbulent or slug flow.
A flow control may be adjusted to increase flow to a diffuser where solid waste is
building up near the diffuser. In some embodiments, the oxygen requirements for a
20 secondary lagoon may be less than that of a primary lagoon, therefore the diffusers in the
secondary lagoon may be restricted to deliver less air than the diffusers of the primary
lagoon. In some embodiments, the pipe 206 and the diffuser 208 may be buried in the
lagoon bottom.
The circulation patterns produced by the diffusers are such that strong vertical
25 currents may be produced in the lagoon especially as the result of the laminar flow of
bubbles produced by the diffusers that increase such vertical circulation substantially.
The strength of the currents keeps solid wastes moving and constantly being
decomposed. Sufficient strength of the currents keeps the wastes in suspension so that
the microbes present in the effluent may effectively and completely decompose and
30 disintegrate the solid matter.
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The microbes in the lagoon may be Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis. The
formulation of the microbes is about 65% Bacillus subtilis, 25% Bacillus licheniformis,
and the balance an enzyme formulation of alpha-amylase of 1-3%, beta-gluconase of 1-
3%, protease of 1-3%, lipase of 1-3%, esterase of 1-3%, hemi-cellulase of 5%, wheat
5 bran at 12 ounces per pound, sodium chloride at 1 to 2% as a preservative. The
formulation may be inoculated into the lagoons at strength of 4 billion CFU/gram of
material and in the amounts of 5 to 10 lbs per surface acre. The frequency of inoculation
may be approximately biweekly. The amounts of each inoculant may be varied based on
the conditions of the digestion system.
10 Deoxygenase enzyme is added in addition to the microbe and enzyme formulation
above.
Figure 3 is an illustration of a top view of an embodiment 300 of the present
invention wherein four lagoons are used in series to treat effluent. The effluent is
introduced into the primary lagoon 302 through the inlet 304. A circulator 306 provides
1 5 horizontal circulation for primary lagoon 302. The outlet 308 connects primary lagoon
302 to secondary lagoon 310. A circulator 312 provides horizontal circulation for
secondary lagoon 312. The outlet 314 connects secondary lagoon 310 to tertiary lagoon
316. A circulator 318 provides horizontal circulation of tertiary lagoon 316. The outlet
320 connects tertiary lagoon 316 to final lagoon 322. A circulator 324 provides
20 horizontal circulation of final lagoon 322. The product water exits the system through
outlet 326.
Primary lagoon 302 has a drain 328 that is connected to sludge pit 330.
Secondary lagoon 310 has a drain 332 connected to sludge pit 330. Tertiary lagoon 316
has a drain 334 connected to sludge pit 330, and final lagoon 322 has a drain 336
25 connected to sludge pit 330. Sludge pit 330 has a drain 338 and a return system 340 to
pump sludge into primary lagoon 302.
The embodiment 300 is a four lagoon embodiment wherein each circular lagoon
is highly aerated and constantly circulated to efficiently and effectively digest raw and
filtered effluent waste. Each lagoon may be outfitted with a plurality of bottom mounted
30 fine bubble aerators and inoculated with a special blend of microbes. The aeration
system of a typical lagoon will be described hereinafter and may provide a vertical
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circulation and constant motion of the effluent. The drain system in the center of each
lagoon may provide a mechanism whereby any solids present in a lagoon may be drained
into sludge pit 338 and pumped back into primary lagoon 302. In this manner, the solids
may be recycled through the embodiment 300 to completely digest the solids.
5 Lagoons 302, 3 10, 3 16, and 322 may be approximately 245 feet in diameter for a
system designed to handle the daily raw waste of a dairy of about 4000 head of cattle.
Approximately 75 tons of raw waste may be introduced into inlet 304 per day. The
present invention may also be adapted to be used for chicken waste, pig waste, human
waste, and other biological wastes.
10 The circulators 306, 312, 318, and 324 may be surface mounted aspirating
circulators, surface mounted paddle wheel circulators, subsurface circulators, or any other
type of device adapted to move the effluent in a horizontal fashion.
Figure 4 is an illustration of a top view of lagoon 302 showing the aeration system
in lagoon 302. The inlet 304 and outlet 308 are shown in the present figure. Drain 328 is
15 also shown in the present figure. An air source 402 is connected to an air manifold 404
that encircles the lagoon 302. A diffuser 406 is connected to manifold 404 through a
self-weighted pipe 408. Several diffusers are located throughout the lagoon 302 and are
all in communication with the manifold 404.
The air source 402 may contain a high volume, low pressure air source. In some
20 cases, a regenerative blower or other type of compressor may be used and may provide
up to 10 psi pressure and 1.5 to 2.5 cubic feet per minute per diffuser. The air source 402
may have an additional oxygen generator and/or an ozone generator to enhance the
oxygenation of the effluent. The air source 402 may include a cooling system for cooling
the air produced by the air source. Such a cooling system may use effluent as a cooling
25 medium. The manifold 404 may be buried around the edge of lagoon 302 or may be
mounted above ground. The manifold 404 may be on the order of 4 inches in diameter.
The air source 402 may supply air to all four lagoons 302, 310, 316, and 322
simultaneously. The air source 402 may be designed to run continuously.
Each lagoon 302, 310, 316 and 322 may be outfitted with a similar aeration
30 system as in the present figure. However, secondary lagoon 310 may require fewer
diffusers than primary lagoon 302, tertiary lagoon 316 may require fewer diffusers than
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secondary lagoon 310, and final lagoon 322 may require fewer diffusers than tertiary
lagoon 316. As the effluent is treated in each subsequent lagoon, the oxygen
requirements are less and therefore fewer diffusers may be required.
Figure 5 illustrates a section view of lagoon 302 and sludge pit 330. The center
5 drain 328 leads into sludge pit 330, where a pump may be mounted in drain 338 and
recycle sludge through the pipe 340. The air manifold 404 is in communication with
diffuser 406 through pipe 408.
The sludge pit 330 may be fed with the sludge from all four lagoons 302, 310,
316, and 324. Valves not shown on each drain system may allow an operator to control
10 the flow of the sludge to the sludge pit. Such valves may be manually or automatically
actuated.
The diffuser 406 may be a fine bubble diffuser adapted to form a laminar column
of air bubbles. Laminar bubble columns have been found to be the most efficient method
for entraining water and forcing circulation. Because of the location of the diffuser 406
15 on the bottom of the lagoon, the maximum amount of circulation may be achieved. The
circulation is important in the effectiveness of the present system, since the constant
motion of solid wastes prohibits the wastes from collecting and building up in the
lagoons. Further, the longest duration of contact is achieved between the air introduced
by the diffuser 406 and the effluent in the lagoon. Additionally, since the laminar flow is
20 slower than slug flow or turbulent flow, more time is allowed for the contact of the
bubbles with the liquid.
Figure 6 illustrates an embodiment 600 of the present invention comprising three
lagoons of the approximate size of 300 by 150 feet. The lagoons are approximately 15
feet deep. Effluent enters by arrow 602 into the primary lagoon 604, which feeds
25 secondary lagoon 606, which feeds tertiary lagoon 608. The arrangement of surface
circulators 610 and diffusers 612 is shown in the figure.
Embodiment 600 is designed to handle approximately 75 tons of unfiltered
effluent per day. The lagoons are designed to process waste in a progressive fashion,
with a majority of digestion taking place in the primary lagoon 604, and less digestion
30 taking place in each successive lagoon.
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Primary lagoon 604 is outfitted with four surface circulators 610 and 35 diffusers
612. Several of the diffusers are located in the corners of the lagoon to force circulation
in the corners and prevent the stagnation and buildup of solid wastes. The surface
circulators 610 are arranged to keep the horizontal circulation progressing throughout the
5 lagoon 604.
Secondary lagoon 606 requires less oxygenation and less circulation since most of
the solid waste is decomposed in primary lagoon 604. Therefore, only two surface
circulators 610 and 18 diffusers 612 are required.
Tertiary lagoon 608 requires still less oxygenation than secondary lagoon.
10 Therefore, only two surface circulators 610 and 9 diffusers 612 are required.
Figure 7 illustrates an embodiment 700 of the present invention comprising two
long, narrow lagoons of the approximate size 1000 by 120 feet. Effluent is introduced at
arrow 702, is processed by primary lagoon 704 and completed in secondary lagoon 706.
Embodiment 700 may handle approximately 75 tons of unfiltered raw waste per
1 5 day. The depth of the lagoons is about 1 5 feet. The lagoons may be oriented so that the
flow of effluent is downhill from the primary lagoon 704 to the secondary lagoon 706.
Primary lagoon 704 is outfitted with eight surface circulators 708 and 74 diffusers
710. Secondary lagoon 706 is outfitted with four surface circulators 708 and 46 diffusers
710.
20 The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of
illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to
the precise form disclosed, and other modifications and variations may be possible in
light of the above teachings. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best
explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable
25 others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and various
modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the
appended claims be construed to include other alternative embodiments of the invention
except insofar as limited by the prior art.
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Experimental Results September 2001
Experiments have been conducted using the inventive waste stream digestion
system during September 2001 at California Dairies, Inc., of Tipton, California.
The results below were for a 1 .43 acre secondary pond receiving approximately
5 410,000 gallons of influent from a primary digestion pond. The secondary pond had been
outfitted with 74 Duraplate diffusers from Keeton Industries. The air supply was a 20 HP
two stage regenerative blower producing air at a pressure of 240 inches of water. An
ozone generation system producing 10 to 12 grams per hour of ozone was used
downstream of the air source. The pond was approximately 10 feet deep.
10 The biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the influent was 3841 lbs per day. The
transfer rate of oxygen was calculated at 5761 lbs of oxygen per day.
The results show that the above system has a transfer rate of 12.2 lbs of oxygen
per horsepower per hour. This compares to traditional paddlewheel aeration where the
maximum transfer rate is approximately 1 .5 lbs of oxygen per horsepower per hour.
15
Experimental Results January 2001
The January 2001 results of the Water Pure aerobic bioremediation of dairy waste
include the analysis of three dairies, one with a solid separator. The analysis of all three
dairy pond systems includes the determination of the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
20 and the Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) for each sample taken. The results of these
analyses have allowed the inventive method of bioremediation to be more easily
explained and verified.
It is determined that the decrease in the Electrical Conductivity of the water
(ECw) was mainly because of the calcium ion and magnesium ion forming precipitates as
25 carbonates and phosphates. It is assumed that the decrease in the sodium and potassium
ion was associated with the incorporation of these more soluble ions into the bodies of
the organisms involved in the digestion of the organic matter in the waste. Another
observed decrease in cation concentration is associated with the ammonium ion
eliminated by the denitrification, reduction to nitrogen gas, N 2 discussed later. FIGURE
30 8 illustrates the cation decrease with three experimental embodiments of the inventive
waste processing system.
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The average decrease in the ECw is 44% corresponds to an average reduction of
the over-all salt by 3.4 tons of salt per acre-foot of the digested product water. The
restrictions placed on the number of dairy animals based on the salt output from each
animal may be able to be reevaluated. This method of bioremediation if applied to dairy
5 waste streams may provide a way to decrease groundwater contamination. The lower the
ECw of the product water, the safer the product water becomes as an irrigation source.
The agricultural operations at or near the dairies utilizing the inventive waste stream
digestion system for aerobic digestion may be able to more safely continue the long-term
use of this water while minimizing salt and extra nutrient in the irrigation water.
10 FIGURE 9 illustrates the decrease in ECw with three experimental embodiments of the
present invention while FIGURE 10 illustrates the tons of salt removed per acre-foot with
the same experimental embodiments of the present invention.
Because of the control and monitoring of the product water nutrient output, which
is part of the bioremediation program, nutrient contamination of ground water may be
1 5 minimized. Because the overall nutrient load in the product water will be known, the
farming operations may be able to eliminate unnecessary applications of other fertilizers.
This can provide a cost savings in nutrients as well as a savings in the labor associated
with the application of these nutrients. As the regulatory agencies require more control
and documentation of all nutrients applied to farming operations, the utility of the use of
20 this type of product water sources may become even more valuable. The utility has been
proven so far in silage grown on fields using the product water, which has undetectable
nitrate concentrations. The corn silage grown with this water has provided 30% higher
tonnage of silage and 40% higher protein content. The uptake of the nitrogen of all
sources as well as the uptake of micronutrients such as zinc and manganese has been
25 observed.
The nitrogen sources in the undigested flush lanes solution contain a complex
mixture of nitrogen compounds, which includes anything from proteins, individual amino
acids, free ammonical nitrogen including either ammonia, and ammonium ion as well as
urea and nitrate ion. The inventive process includes the digestion and denitrification of
30 the original flush lane solution. FIGURE 1 1 illustrates the decrease in TKN and
ammonia nitrogen of three experimental embodiments of the present invention. The
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Visser Dairy, which does not have a solid separator, is the most efficient system and has
been in operation for the longest time. The digestion ponds at the Visser Dairy are
deeper and have the longest retention time of any of the systems tested.
The denitrification of the ponds, the reduction of the more complex nitrogen
5 compounds to nitrogen gas, N2, decreases the potential contamination of the groundwater.
The 87% reduction in the Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen and the 35% reduction in the
ammonical nitrogen at the Visser Dairy provide a measure of the efficiency of this
process when ideal conditions are maintained. The DeHoog Dairy, which has very
shallow ponds, still shows 66% efficiency in the reduction of the TKN and a 29%
10 reduction of the ammonical nitrogen has no solid separator. The JCJ Dairy, which
utilizes a solid separation system, shows a 40% TKN reduction and a 26% reduction of
the ammonical nitrogen. The reduced efficiency at the JCJ operation may be associated
with the ECw being 2.3 times as high in the digestion pond than at the other dairies. The
product water at the JCJ Dairy is also reused in the flush lanes leading to the higher salt
1 5 concentration in the digestion ponds. It should be noted that the product water from all
three dairies continues to have undetectable concentrations of nitrate ion. FIGURE 12
illustrates the percent decrease in TKN and ammonium nitrogen of three embodiments of
the present invention.
It should be noted that the product water still contains some complex nitrogen
20 compounds such as amino acids. These amino acids have been shown to help to complex
or chelate micronutrient metal ions and allow them to be more easily transferred across
the root's membrane. In earlier tissue analysis of silage corn, it has been shown that both
the zinc and manganese concentrations were greatly enhanced when the aerobically
digested water was used for irrigation resulting in 40% higher protein content and 30%
25 greater yield. FIGURE 13 illustrates the percent nitrogen in the product water for three
experimental embodiments of the present invention.
The Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD, a measure of the organic matter in
solution was determined for the flush lane solutions and the product water for each of the
dairies. The results of these analyses are shown in FIGURE 14. It should be noted that
30 each of the dairy operations shows fairly efficient BOD reduction, but as might be
expected the Visser system is the most efficient and the JCJ the least efficient. The JCJ
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Attorney Docket No.: WPTK01USG1
Dairy operation was still over 80% efficient in the digestion of the original organic matter
in the pond solution. The digestion process depends on a number of factors only one of
them being the salt concentration. The process is observed to be even more efficient
during the warmer months.
5 As the organic matter is efficiently digested in the present invention, the BOD is
decreased by as much as 95%. The organic matter that might have loaded the soil and
decrease the available soil oxygen has been greatly reduced and the soil oxygen remains
more available. With more availability of oxygen in the soil a much healthier soil
environment can be maintained for the critically important aerobic soil organisms. If
10 oxygen rich conditions are maintained in the soil eco-system, the critical balance of all
organisms can not only exist but also thrive. Once these balanced conditions are
established and maintained most soil born diseases are held in check by these healthy
competing organisms.
Summary of experimental results:
1 5 The average 44% decrease in the Electrical Conductivity, EC, between the flush
lanes and the product water, corresponds to a decrease of 3.4 tons of salt per in an acre-
foot. This should allow the dairy to maintain more animal units at a particular dairy site
if the present inventive method of aerobic digestion is maintained.
The continued efficient operation of the present inventive process is documented
20 by the aerobic BOD reduction. An average of 90% reduction of the organic material
suspended in the water from the flush lanes continues to be observed.
The denitrification, the conversion of the more complex nitrogen compounds to
inert N2 gas, shows an average efficiency of approximately 64% and as high as 87%
reduction. The decrease in the total nitrogen minimizes the possibility of nitrate
25 contamination of ground water when the product water is used for irrigation purposes.
The nitrogen utilized by irrigated crops can further reduce the possibility of nitrate
contamination of the ground water.
The average documented 90% decrease in the Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD,
and the average lowering of the ECw by 44%, a decrease of 3.4 tons of salt per acre-foot
30 of water, allows this product water to be used for irrigation without creating anaerobic or
problem saline conditions in the soil.
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